Sabtu, 23 November 2013

BAHASA INGGRIS SISTEM KAWAN NOT

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http://blograsyad.blogspot.com      (semua blog)

BAHASA INGGRIS 
SISTEM KAWAN NOT
(Cara Cepat dan Mudah Belajar Tenses)
M. RASYAD
(Guru SDN Cenlecen 2, Pakong, Pamekasan, Madura)     


PENGGOLONGAN KATA KERJA

Untuk mempermudah pemakaian kata-kata kerja yang bentuknya selalu berubah-ubah dalam bahasa Inggris maka perlu digolong-golongkan menurut sifat kata kerja itu, dari segi dapat atau tidak dapatnya kata kerja itu dihubungkan langsung dengan not. Sehingga dengan cara ini dapat memudahkan cara kita didalam membuat kalimat negatif, kalimat tanya, taq question, dan lain-lainnya.

Penggolongan kata-kata kerja itu ada 3 (tiga) golongan, yaitu:

1.   Kata kerja golongan 15 kawan not (dapat langsung diberi not):
am, is, are, was, were, can-could, may-might, must, shall-should, will-would, dan ought to.

2.   Kata kerja golongan kawan do, does, did (memerlukan bantuan do, does, did):
Walk      walks    walked
     go          goes      went
     put        puts       put
     dsb. banyak sekali.
Ingat:   Kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) adalah kawan do, seperti walk, go, put, dll.
              Kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) yang mendapat tambahan s/es adalah kawan does, seperti walks, goes, puts, dll.
              Kata kerja bentuk lampau (bentuk ke 2) adalah kawan did, seperti walked, went, dll.
    
3.  Kata kerja golongan 9 kata kerja munafik (kadang seperti 15 kawan not dan kadang seperti kawan do, does, did):
do - does - did,
have - has - had, dan
need - dare - used to.









A. MEMBUAT KALIMAT NEGATIF DAN KALIMAT TANYA

1.    Dengan kata kerja golongan 15 kawan not
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat 15 kawan not, maka untuk membuat:
-   Kalimat  negatif:   15 kawan not + not di belakangnya
-   Kalimat tanya:   15 kawan not diletakkan di muka subyek
Contoh:
a.    They ought to look after their children. (+)
       They ought not to look after their children. (-)
       Ought they to look after their children.(?)
b. You are naughty. (+)                                                                                                                          
       You are not naughty. (-)
       Are you naughty. (?)

2.    Dengan kata kerja kawan do, does, did
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat kata kerja kawan do, does, did, maka untuk membuat:
-   Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya:    Kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) menggunakan do.
-   Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya:    Kata kerja asal yg + s/es menggunakan does.
-   Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya:    Kata kerja bentuk lampau (bentuk ke 2) menggunakan did.
Contoh:
a.      We walk to school. (+)
We do not walk to school. (-)
Do we walk to school. (?)
b.      She goes to SDN Cenlecen 2. (+)
       She does not go to SDN Cenlecen 2. (-)
       Does she go to SDN Cenlecen 2. (?)
c.      She went out. (+)
       She did not go out. (-)
Did she go out. (?)

3.    Dengan Kata Kerja Golongan 9 Kata Kerja Munafik
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat 9 kata kerja munafik maka:
1)     Untuk do, does, did
Kalau diikuti langsung kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) adalah masuk kawan not, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti 15 kawan not).
Contoh:
a.     I do like sate. (+)
       I do not like sate. (-)
       Do I like sate. (?)
b.     He does like sate. (+)
       He does not like sate. (-)
       Does he like sate. (?)
c.      I did see him yesterday. (+)
       I did not see him yesterday. (-)
       Did I see him yesterday. (?)


Kalau tidak diikuti langsung kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) maka masuk kawan do, does, did, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti kata kerja kawan do, does, did).
Contoh:
a.    I do my home work. (+)
       I do not do my home work. (-)                                            
       Do I do my home work. (?)
b.     Sitti does her home work. (+)
       Sitti does not do her home work. (-)  
       Does Sitti do her home work. (?)
c.      He did his work. (+)
       He did not do his work. (-)
       Did he do his work. (?)

2)    Untuk have-has-had
Kalau diikuti langsung kata kerja bentuk ke 3 adalah masuk kawan not, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti 15 kawan not).
Contoh:
a.    I have written some letters. (+)
       I have not written any letters. (-)
       Have I written any letters. (?)
b.     She has already cut her hair. (+) (already atau just dianggap tidak ada)
       She has not already cut her hair. (-)
       Has she already cut her hair. (?)
c.    His grandparents had lived in that house since they bought it ten years ago (+)
       His grandparents hadnot lived in that house since they bought it ten years ago(-)
       Had his grandparents lived in that house since they bought it ten years ago (?)


Kalau tidak diikuti langsung kata kerja bentuk ke 3 maka masuk kawan do, does, did, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti kata kerja kawan do, does, did).
Contoh:
a.     We have to work hard. (+)
       We do not have to work hard. (-)
       Do we have to work hard. (?)
b.     He has to work hard. (+)
       He does not have to work hard. (-)
       Does he have to work hard. (?)      
c.      Sitti had her lunch in a restaurant. (+)
       Sitti did not have her lunch in a restaurant. (-)
       Did Sitti have her lunch in a restaurant. (?)
      



B.   MENJAWAB PERTANYAAN

1.    Menjawab Pertanyaan yang Tidak Memakai Question Word
Jawabnya tinggal memilih: Yes, ….. atau No, ……
Contoh:
a.    Will you go to Surabaya?
          Yes, I will. / No, I will not.
b.     Did Tono get up early this morning?
          Yes, he did. / No, he did not.
d.      May I go home now?
        Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
Ingat:      Pertanyaan I jawabnya you.
                             Pertanyaan you jawabnya I atau we.

2.    Menjawab Pertanyaan yang Memakai Question Word
Kalau di muka subyek (di sebelah kiri subyek) terdapat do, does, did, maka jawabnya:
-  Bila do kata kerjanya tetap tidak berubah tetap bentuk ke 1.
-  Bila does kata kerjanya harus + s/es.
-  Bila did kata kerjanya harus bentuk ke 2.
Contoh:
a.   When do you get up?
       I get up at 5 o’clock.
b.    Where does Tono study?
       He studies at home.
c.   What did you make?
       I made some kites.


Kalau di muka subyek ada 15 kawan not dan have, has, had, maka kata-kata tersebut harus diambil atau disertakan dalam jawaban.
Contoh:
a.   What were Tono and Susiatun writing?
       They were writing a letter.
b.    Who are you talking to?
       I am talking to Hasanah.(you arejawabnya I am)
c.   Where has Nasihah broken the glass?
       She has broken it in the diningroom.
d.   Who must he meet?
       He must meet Raspati.
e.    When can your father help me?
       He can help you tomorrow.

Ada kalanya kalau question wordnya What atau Who jawabannya mengambil dari luar pertanyaan.
Contoh:
a.    What was in your wallet?
       Money was.
b.   What happend to you?
       My stomach was ache.
c.   What makes you angry?
       The dog does.
d.    Who talked to you this morning?
       Amir did.
e.    Who can help me?
       Ali can.
f.     Who was the new student?
       Halimah was.
g.      Who is going to waitfor me ?
       Didi is going to waitfor you/Didi is.




C.   MEMBUAT PERTANYAAN

1. Menentukan Question Word (Kata Tanya) Dari Apa yg Ingin Ditanyakan
Kalau yang ingin ditanyakan itu menyatakan:
a.    orangmaka kata tanyanya adalah:        Who (siapa)
b.    benda……………………….................. What (apa)
c.    tempat  …………………………………. Where (dimana)
d.    waktu ………………………………… When (kapan)
e.    jam ……………………………… What time (jam berapa)
f.     lamanya ……………………………...      How long (berapa lama)
g.    umur ……………………………….....      How old (umur berapa)
h.    jumlah ……………………….............  How many atau How much (berapa banyak)
i.     cara/perihal .....................................     How (bagaimana)
j.      sebab ………………………………... Why (mengapa)
k.    kepunyaan …………………………..      Whose (milik siapa)
l.     pilihan ………………………………..      Which (yang mana)
m.   kata kerja/predikat ………………….  What…...do/doing (apa yang dikerjakan)
n.    dsb.
Contoh:
1.      Who must he meet? He must meet Adi.
2.      What were you writing? I was writing a letter.
3.      Where have Ali and Adi broken the glass? They have broken it in the diningroom.


2.  Membuat Pertanyaan Terhadap Kata-Kata yang Bergaris Di Bawahnya
Cara membuat kalimat tanya ingat seperti di depan!
Contoh:
a.    Ali and Amir are talking to their friend. (kata yang bergaris ini menyatakan orang: Who)
       Who are Ali and Amir talking to?
b.    Ali bought some books at the shop.
       What did Ali buy at the shop?
c.    You must be careful on the way home.
       Where must I be careful?
d.    Kusno let his brother go away last year.
       When did Kusno let his brother go away?
e.    Sumiyati helps her mother at 7 o’clock every day.
       What time does Sumiyati help her mother every day?
f.     I have been in Pamekasan for five year.
       How long have you been in Pamekasan?
Ingat: have-has-had adalah kata kerja munafik!
g.    He has to work hard because he is poor.
       Why does he have to work hard?
h.    She has made her dress.
       What has she made?
i.     She has already cut her hair.
       What has she already cut?
j.      She has her hair cut by abarber.
       Who does she have her hair cut by?
k.    He did love you very much.
       How did he love me?
Ingat: do-does-did adalah kata kerja munafik!
l.     He did his work well.
       How did he do his work?




D. TENSES

1. Macam-Macam Tenses
1.      Present tense/Simple present tense(p.t/s.p.t): Suatu perbuatan yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.
2.      Present continuous tense (p.c.t): Suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat bicara (sekarang).
3.      Past tense (pas.t): Suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan di masa lampau dan tak ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang.
4.      Present future tense (p.f.t): Suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
5.      Present perfect tense (p.per.t): Pada waktu sekarang perbuatan telah sempurna (baru saja selesai) dilakukan.
6.      Present perfect continuous tense (p.per.c.t): Perbuatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai sekarang.
7.      Past perfect tense (pas.per.t): Suatu perbuatan yang dimulai atau terjadi di masa lampau dan terus berlangsung ataupun selesai di masa lampau berikutnya.
8.      Past continuous tense (pas.c.t): Pada waktu lampau suatu perbuatan sedang berlangsung ketika suatu perbuatan lain terjadi.
9.         Dll.



1. Suatu perbuatan yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.
(Present tense/Simple present tense)
2.Suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat bicara (sekarang).
(Present continuous tense)
3. Suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan di masa lampau dan tak ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang.
(Past tense)
4. Suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan  datang
(Present future tense)
Rumus:
Kata kerja asal atau kata kerja asal yang mendapat tambahan +s/es
Rumus:
(am; is; are) + kata kerja asal + ing
Rumus:
Kata kerja bentuk lampau (kata kerja bentuk ke 2)
Rumus:
(am; is; are) + going to + kata kerja asal
Contoh:
a. They drink milk.
b.He drinks milk.
Contoh:
a.They are drinking milk.
b.He is drinking milk.
Contoh:
a. They drank milk.
b.He drank milk.
Contoh:
a. They are going to drink milk.
b. He is going to drink milk.

Keterangan
Pasangan subyek dengan to be:
I am                 They are                    He is               Sitti is             Father is
You are          Ali and Adi are          She is             Tono is           a banana is
We are           Some books are       It is (The cat is, The river is, dll.(binatang, benda))

5. Pada waktu sekarang perbuatan telah sempurna (baru saja selesai) dilakukan.
(Present perfect tense)
6. Perbuatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai sekarang.
(Present perfect continuous tense)
7. Suatu perbuatan yang dimulai atau terjadi di masa lampau dan terus berlangsung ataupun  selesai di masa lampau berikutnya.
(Past perfect tense)
8. Pada waktu lampau suatu perbuatan sedang berlangsung ketika suatu perbuatan lain terjadi.
(Past continuous tense)

Rumus:
(have; has) + kata kerja bentuk ke 3

Rumus:
(have; has) + been + kata kerja asal + ing

Rumus:
had + kata kerja bentuk ke 3

Rumus:
(was; were) + kata kerja asal + ing

Contoh:
a. They have worked hard.
b. He has worked hard.

Contoh:
a.They have been working hard
b. He has been working hard.

Contoh:
a.They had worked hard.
b. He had worked hard.

Contoh:
a. They were working hard, when I came.
b. He was working hard, when I came

Keterangan:
am dan is bentuk lampaunya was            subyek I, he, she, dan it to be nya  was               have dipakai oleh subyek I, you, we, dan they
are bentuk lampaunya were                      subyek you, we, dan they to be nya  were          has dipakai oleh subyek he, she, dan it
                                                                                                                                    had dipakai oleh semua subyek I, you, we, they, he, she, dan it

Singkatan:   
P    = present (waktu sekarang)
t      = tense (bentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan waktu)
c     = continuous (sedang berlangsung di waktu sekarang)
f      = future (yang akan datang)
per = perfect (telah sempurna dilakukan)          
pas     = past (waktu lampau)














2.  Nama Tenses dengan Keterangan Waktu dan Contoh Kalimatnya

Nama Tenses
Keterangan Waktu
Contoh Kalimatnya
1.  Present tense/simple present tense (p.t/s.p.t)
every……………
usually
generally
often
seldom
always
Rumus: Kata kerja asal atau kata kerja asal yang mendapat tambahans/es.

a. We drink a cup of coffee every day.
b. He drinks a cup of coffee every day.
c. Tini drinks a cup of coffee every day
2.  Present continuous tense (p.c.t)
now
at present
this moment
this time

Rumus: am/is/are + kt.kerja asal + ing

a.I am drinking a cup of coffee now.
b. You are drinking a cup of coffee now.
c. She is drinking a cup of coffee now.
3.Past tense/simple past tense (pas.t/s.pas.t)
yesterday
thedaybefore yesterday
last………….

Rumus: Kata kerja bentuk lampau

a.We drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
b. He drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
c. Ali drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
4.Present future tense (p.f.t)
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next………….
laten some day

Rumus: am/is/are + going to + kt.kerja asal

a.We are going to drink a cup of coffee tomorrow.
b. I am going to drink a cup of coffee tomorrow.
c. He is going to drink a cup of coffee tomorrow.
5.Present perfect tense (p.per.t)
already
just
yet, not………….

Rumus: have/has + kt.kerja bentuk ke 3

a. I have just drunk a cup of coffee.
b. He has already drunk a cup of coffee.
c. Aminah has just drunk a cup of coffee.
d.  She has drunk a cup of coffee already.
6.Present perfect continuous tense (p.per.c.t)
for……………….
since……………..

Rumus: have/has + been + kt.kerja asal + ing

a. They have been working hard for two hours.
b.He has been working hard since 2010.
7.Past perfect tense (pas.per.t)

for ……………
since …………..
always

Rumus: had + kt.kerja bentuk ke 3

a. We had lived in Cenlecen for two years in 2011.
b.She had lived in that house since she bought it ten years ago.
8.Past continuous tense (pas.c.t)
When + subyek + kata kerja bentuk lampau.

Rumus: was/were + kt.kerja asal + ing

a. I was studying when my father came.
b.When we were studying, someone knocked at the door.



E. CARA MEMAKAI TENSES SESUAI KETERANGAN WAKTU


Cara Memakai Tenses
Cara memakai tenses yang tepat atau cara memakai bentuk kata kerja yang tepat sesuai dengan keterangan waktu dan subyeknya dalam kalimat, diperlukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:
1.    Pertama diperiksa atau dicari keterangan waktunya (ingat kadang-kadang keterangan waktunya tidak ada tetapi bisa dirasakan/dikira-kira).
2.    Setelah  diketahui  keterangan  waktunya  lalu  dicari  kemungkinan  bentuk  kata kerjanya.
3.    Kemudian ditentukan  kepastian bentuk kata kerjanya yang tepat dengan melihat subyeknya.

Contoh:
a.   Adi (make) a kite in the school yard now. (p.c.t)
-      keterangan waktunya:  now
-      kemungkinan bentuk kata kerjanya sesuai ket.waktunya:  am / are / is making
-      bentuk kata kerjanya yang tepat sesuai subyeknya:  is making
       Jadi: Adi is making a kite in the school yard now.
b.   The policeman (stop) the car tomorrow morning. (p.f.t)
       The policeman is going to stop the car tomorrow morning.
c.    Sitti (see) her uncle yesterday. (pas.t)
       Sitti saw her uncle yesterday.
d.   I (eat) already. (p.per.t)
       I have eaten already.
e.    I (write) when he came. (pas.c.t)
       I was writing when he came.
f.     Miss Subaidah (teach) English for three years. (p.per.c.t)
       Miss Subaidah has been teaching English for three years.
g.    I (eat) everyday. (p.t/s.p.t)
       I eat everyday.
h.    He (eat) everyday. (p.t/s.p.t)
       He eats everyday.
i.     He has (steal) the money. (p.per.t)   ingat kata kerja munafik!
       He has stolen the money.














F. KALIMAT PASIF (THE PASSIVE VOICE)

Baik dalam Bahasa Inggris maupun dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang membedakan antara kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif ialah bentuk kata kerjanya,berikut ini diuraikan tentang kalimat pasif dalam Bahasa Inggris.

1. Kata Kerja Pasif

Kata kerja pasif dalam Bahasa Inggris berbentuk: to be + kata kerja bentuk ke 3 (past participle).Perlu diingat bahwa yang berubah-ubah sesuai dengan keterangan waktu dan subyeknya, ialah: to be nya, sedangkan kata kerja bentuk ke 3 nya tetap tidak berubah.
Jadi untuk dapat membuat kalimat pasif kita harus sungguh-sungguh paham 2 hal, yaitu:
a.    Kata kerja dasar pasif (to be + kata kerja bentuk ke 3), misalnya:
to bedrunk               diminum
to be left                   =  ditinggalkan
to be played                        =  dimainkan
to be understood    =  dimengerti
to be studied           =  dipelajari
to be stolen             =  dicuri
to be carried            =  dibawa
to be driven             =  dikemudikan
to be ridden             =  dikendarai
to be stopped          =  dihentikan
Dan lain-lainnya.

b.    Perubahan: to be nya, yaitu:

kata asal
kata everyday
bentuk lampau/ yesterday
bentuk ke 3
bentuk ing
to be
am
is
are
was
 

were
been
being

Bentuk to be disesuaikan dengan macam tensesnya, seperti:
•      Present tense (p.t)                              am/is/are
•      Present continuous tense (p.c.t)      am/is/are + being
•      Past tense(pas.t)                                 was/were
          Present future tense (p.f.t)                am/is/are + going to + be
          Present perfect tense (p.per.t)          :  have/has +been
          Present perfect continuous tense (p.per.c.t):  have/has + been + being
          Past perfect tense (pas.per.t)            :  had + been
          Past continuous tense (pas.c.t)       was/were + being
•      Dan lain-lainnya.

2. Membuat Kalimat Pasif

Dari penjelasan di atas nyata, bahwa untuk membuat kalimat pasif kita harus melalui langkah-langkah berikut ini:
1)    Pertama-tama cari kata dasar pasifnya: be + kata kerja bentuk ke 3..
2)    Setelah itu be nya beri bentuk tepat dengan cara:
a.    Mula-mula disesuaikan dengan keterangan waktunya, dan
b.    Kemudian pilih yang sesuai dengan subyeknya.
Misalnya:
1)    My bike (ride) by my brother yesterday. (pas.t/s.pas.t)
       -   kata dasar pasifnya:  be ridden.
       -   be nya disesuaikan dg keterangan waktunya:  was / were ridden.
       -   be nya dipilih sesuai subyeknya:  was ridden
       Jadi hasilnya: My bike was ridden by my brother yesterday.
2)    Those books (sell) now. (p.c.t)
       (be sold)
       (am / are / is / being sold)Ingat: Cara memakai tenses (present continuous tense)
       are being sold
       Those books are being sold now.
3)    Those books (sell) since last week.(p.per.c.t)
       (be sold)
       (have / has been being sold) Ingat: Cara memakai tenses (p. per. c. t)
       have been being sold
       Those books have been being sold since last week.
4)    His hair (cut) next month. (p.f.t)
       (be cut)
       (am / are / is going to be cut)
       His hair is going to be cut next month.
5)    That book (sell) already. (p.per.t)
       (be sold)
       (have / has been sold)
       That book has been sold already.

Note:Kalau di muka kata kerja yang akan dipasifkan itu terdapat 10 kawan not(can-could, may-might, must, shall-should, will-would,  dan ought to) atau to kita tidak usah repot-repot lagi, sebab be nya tidak berubah (tetap be).
Misalnya:
1)    This basket can (carry) by a little child.
       This basket can be carried by a little child. (setelah can ada be)
2)    He does not like to (beat) by his friend.
       He does not like to be beaten by his friend. (setelah to ada be)



3. Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi Kalimat Pasif

Kalimat aktif (A) apabila diubah dalam bentuk pasif (P) perubahannya adalah:
-    Subyek (S) dalam bentuk aktif menjadi obyek (O) dalam bentuk pasif,
-    Obyek dalam bentuk aktif berubah subyek dalam bentuk pasif.
Ciri-ciri kalimat pasif: To be + kata kerja bentuk ke 3 (past participle).

Perhatikan perubahan subyek menjadi obyek atau sebaliknya di bawah ini!
Subyek   –   Obyek
I                -           me
you           -           you
he            -           him
she          -           her
it               -           it
we            -           us
they         -           them
father       -           father
Sitti           -           Sitti    
Contoh:
1)    A:      Rita writes a letter.(p.t. ada kata kerja asal yg dapat tambahan s, yaitu writes)
                   S                   O
       P:      A letter is written by Rita.
                   S                                  O
Ingat: Bentuk to be harus sesuai dengan macam tensesnya (lihat kembali halaman 14)
2)    A:      I make a kite. (p.t. ada kata kerja asal, yaitu make)
       P:      A kite is made by me.
3)    A:      A boy writes some letters. (p.t)
       P:      Some letters are written by the boy.
4)    A:      Does he make a kite ? (p.t)
       P:      Is a kite made by him ?
5)    A:      Does Rita eat a banana ? (p.t)
       P:      Is a banana eaten by Rita ?
6)    A:      I give Rita a book. (p.t)
       P:      A book is given to Rita by me.
                 Rita is given a book by me.
7)    A:      + Mari calls him in the room. (p.t)
                 -  Mari doesn’t call him in the room. (p.t)
                 ?  Does Mari call him in the room ? (p.t)
       P:      + He is called by Mari in the room.
                 -  He isn’t called by Mari in the room.
                 ?  Is he called by Mari in the room ?
8)    A:      She opened the window. (pas.t. ada kata kerja bentuk lampau, yaitu opened)
       P:      The window was opened by her.
9)    A:      Johan is calling me. (p.c.t. ada to be dan kata kerja asal + ing)
       P:      I am being called by Johan.
10)  A:      Mother is giving me some money. (p.c.t)
       P:      Some money is being given to me by mother.
11)  A:      Are you helping mother. (p.c.t)
       P:      Is mother being helped by you ?
12)  A:      I was helping my mother.(pas.c.t. ada to be bentuk lampau dan kata kerja asal+ ing)
       P:      My mother was being helped by me.
13)  A:      I have finished the work. (p.per.t. ada have dan kata kerja bentuk ke 3)
       P:      The work has been finished by me.
14)  A:      I had called him. (pas.per.t. ada had dan kata kerja bentuk ke 3)
       P:      He had been called by me.
15)  Setelah 10 kawan not dan to dalam kalimat aktif harus diikuti langsung oleh kata kerja asal seperti do, sell, write, work, dll. tetapi bila kalimatnya nanti akan diubah menjadi kalimat pasif makaharus diikuti langsung oleh kata asal to be.
       A:      I cando it easily. (can diikuti do).             P: It can bedone easily. (can diikuti be)
       A:      They wouldsell them.                                P: They would besold.
       A:      I have to do it. (to diikuti do)                     P: It has to be done. (to diikuti be)
16)  Perhatikan kata setelah have, has, dan had !
       A:      They have paid for it.                          P:   It has been paid for.
       A:      She had not done it.                           P:   It had not been done.
17)  A:      Did not he buy me new books ? (pas.t. ada did)
       P:      Wasnot I bought new books ?
                 Were not new books bought me ?
18) A:      Did not he buy new books for me? (pas.t)
       P:      Were not new books bought for me?







G. MENGUBAH KALIMAT PASIF MENJADI KALIMAT AKTIF


Cara mengubah kalimat pasif (P) menjadi kalimat aktif (A) adalah kebalikannya (lihat kembali materi di depan)
Contoh:
1.    P: The bookis bought by Amir.
                S                                 O
       A: Amir buys the book.
                S                  O
2.    P: The windowis being broken by him.
       A: Heis breaking the window.



Bentuk Singkatan Positif dan Negatif

Note:

Kadang-kadang kita mengalami kesukaran untuk mencari golongan 15 kawan not karena sering terdapat dalam bentuk singkatan positif dan singkatan negatif. Perhatikan kedua bentuk singkatan tersebut berikut ini !
a.    Bentuk singkatan positif, yaitu:
‘m   =    am                        ‘d    =    should atau would                                   
‘s    =    is                          ‘ve =    have
‘re   =    are                       ‘s    =    has
‘ll    =    shall atau will    ‘d   =    had

Bentuk singkatan positif ini hanya terdapat di tengah kalimat, tidak boleh terdapat pada awal ataupun pada akhir kalimat. Karena itu kalau akan mengubah bentuk singkatan positif menjadi pertanyaan ataupun jawaban harus diubah menjadi bentuk lengkap.
Misalnya:
•      They ‘ll come tomorrow.       (+)
       Will they come tomorrow      (?)
       Yes, they will.

b.    Bentuk singkatan negatif, yaitu:
       ’m not      =    am not                  mustn’t           =     must not                        
       isn’t         =    is not                    shan’t             =     shall not
       aren’t       =    are not                  shouldn’t       =     should not
       wasn’t     =    was not                won’t              =     will not
       weren’t    =    were not               wouldn’t         =     would not
       can’t        =    can not                oughtn’t to      =     ought not to
       couldn’t  =    could not             haven’t           =     have not
       mayn’t     =    may not                hasn’t             =     has not
       mightn’t  =   might not              hadn’t             =     had not

Bentuk singkatan negatif ini boleh terdapat disegala tempat kecuali ‘m not tidak boleh terdapat pada awal kalimat.
Misalnya:           
     He isn’t a teacher. (-)
       Isn’t he a teacher.  (?)
       No, he isn’t.
•      I ‘m not hungry.      (-)
       Am not I hungry.   (?)Bukan ‘m not I hungry. (?)
       No, I ‘m not.



Daftar Kata Kerja Pada Materi

No.
Kata Kerja Asal 
(Bentuk Ke 1)
Kawan do
Kata Kerja
BentukLampau (BentukKe2)
Kawan did
Kata Kerja Bentuk Ke 3
Arti Kata
A
ask
asked
asked
bertanya, menanyakan
B
be (am, is, are)
was, were
been
akan, ada

buy
bought
bought
membeli

break
broke
broken
mematahkan, memecahkan

begin
began
begun
mulai, memulai

bring
brought
brought
membawa

beat
beat
beaten
memukul
C
cut
cut
cut
memotong

cook
cooked
cooked
memasak

come
came
come
datang

close
closed
closed
menutup

catch
caught
caught
menangkap

clean
cleaned
cleaned
membersihkan

call
called
called
memanggil

carry
carried
carried
membawa

cry
cried
cried
menangis, berteriak

climb
climbed
climbed
memanjat
D
do
did
done
mengerjakan

drink
drank
drunk
minum

drive
drove
driven
mengemudikan, mengendarai
E
eat
ate
eaten
makan
F
fly
flew
flown
terbang

finish
finished
finished
menyelesaikan, mengakhiri berhenti

forget
forgot
forgotten
lupa, melupakan
G
go
went
gone
pergi

get up
got up
gotten up
berdirilah, bangun !

get
got
gotten
dapat, memperoleh

give
gave
given
memberi
H
have
had
had
mempunyai

help
helped
helped
membantu

hurry
hurried
hurried
pergi tergesa-gesa, pergi dengan cepat
K
know
knew
known
mengetahui
L
like
liked
liked
suka

look
looked
looked
melihat

love
loved
loved
cinta

let
let
let
membiarkan

listen
listened
listened
mendengarkan

live
lived
lived
tinggal

lie
lay
lain
berbaring, terletak

leave
left
left
meninggalkan
M
make
made
made
membuat

meet
met
met
bertemu
O
order
ordered
ordered
kelas, derajat, jenis, memerintahkan, memesan, mengatur

open
opened
opened
membuka
P
put
put
put
meletakkan

play
played
played
bermain

pay
paid
paid
membayar
R
read
read
read
membaca

repair
repaired
repaired
memperbaiki

ride
rode
ridden
mengendarai, menunggang

run
ran
run
lari, berlari
S
speak
spoke
spoken
berbicara

see
saw
seen
melihat

study
studied
studied
belajar

swim
swam
swum
berenang

sing
sang
sung
menyanyi

sell
sold
sold
menjual

stand
stood
stood
berdiri

stop
stopped
stopped
berhenti, menghentikan

steal
stole
stolen
mencuri

spend
spent
spent
membelanjakan

shoot
shot
shot
menembak

shut
shut
shut
menutup, mengunci

speak up
spoke up
spoken up
berteriak
T
talk
talked
talked
berbicara

teach
taught
taught
mengajar

take
took
taken
mengambil

tell
told
told
berceritera, menceritakan
U
understand
understood
understood
mengerti
V
visit
visited
visited
mengunjungi, berkunjung
W
work
worked
worked
bekerja

walk
walked
walked
berjalan

write
wrote
written
menulis

wait
waited
waited
menunggu

want
wanted
wanted
ingin

wear
wore
worn
memakai

wash
washed
washed
mencuci

worry
worried
worried
mencemaskan











Daftar Irregular Verbs (Bagian 1)
(Kata Kerja Tak Beraturan 93 Kata)

No.
KataKerja Asal
(Bent. Ke 1)
Kata Kerja Bentuk Lampau
(Bent. Ke 2)
KataKerja Bentuk Ke 3
Arti

1.




go
see
do
show

went
saw
did
showed

gone
seen
done
shown

pergi
melihat
mengerjakan, berbuat
mempertunjukkan
2a.

b.
begin
swim
sing
ring
drink
began
swam
sang
rang
drank
begun
swum
sung
rung
drunk
mulai
berenang
menyanyi
berbunyi,membunyikanbel
minum
3a.

b.



c.


wear
tear
know
throw
blow
grow
fly
draw
lie
wore
tore
knew
threw
blew
grew
flew
drew
lay
worn
torn
known
thrown
blown
grown
flown
drawn
lain
memakai
menyobek
mengetahui
melemparkan
bertiup, meniup
tumbuh
terbang
menggambar, menarik
berbaring
4a.


b.



c.
eat
fall
forget
write
drive
ride
rise
give
forgive
ate
fell
forgot
wrote
drove
rode
rose
gave
forgave
eaten
fallen
forgotten
written
driven
ridden
risen
given
forgiven
makan
jatuh
lupa
menulis
mengemudikan
mengendarai, berlayar
bangun
memberi
memaafkan
5a.

b.



c.
wake
break
speak
steal
freeze
weave
hide
bite
slide
woke
broke
spoke
stole
froze
wove
hid
bit
slid
woken
broken
spoken
stolen
frozen
woven
hidden
bitten
slidden
bangun, berjaga
mematahkan
berbicara
mencuri
membeku
menenun
bersembunyi
menggigit
meluncur
6.


come
become
run
came
became
ran
come
become
run
datang
menjadi
lari
7.
put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
Put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
meletakkan
berharga/berongkos
membiarkan
memotong
memukul
melukai
memencarkan
menempatkan , menaruh
mencocokkan dengan
8a.


b.


c.
have
lose
hear
find
grind
sit
stand
get
shoot
had
lost
heard
found
ground
sat
stood
got
shot
had
lost
heard
found
ground
sat
stood
got
shot
mempunyai
menghilangkan, hilang
mendengarkan
mendapat
menggiling, mengasah
duduk
berdiri
mendapat
menembak
9a.



b.
bring
buy
think
fight
teach
catch
brought
bought
thought
fought
taught
caught
brought
bought
thought
fought
taught
caught
membawa
membeli
memikirkan
berperang
mengajar
menangkap
10a.



b.
make
say
pay
lay
hold
build
made
said
paid
laid
held
built
made
said
paid
laid
held
built
membuat
berkata, mengatakan
membayar
meletakkan
memegang
mendirikan
11a.



b.


c.
meet
read
lead
feed
feel
leave
mean
keep
sleep
sweep
weep
met
read
led
fed
felt
left
meant
kept
slept
swept
wept
met
read
led
fed
felt
left
meant
kept
slept
swept
wept
menjumpai
membaca
memimpin
memberi makan,menggembala
merasa
meninggalkan
memaksudkan, mengartikan
memelihara
tidur
menyapu
menangis
12.
sell
tell
sold
told
sold
told
menjual
menceriterakan
13.
send
spend
lend
bend
sent
spent
lent
bent
sent
spent
lent
bent
mengirimkan
membelanjakan
meminjamkan
membengkokkan
14a.

b.
win
dig
strike
shine
won
dug
struck
shone
won
dug
struck
shone
menang
menggali
memukul
bersinar, cahaya
15.
play
work
want
played
worked
wanted
played
worked
wanted
bermain-main
bekerja
ingin


FOTO M. RASYAD DAN KELUARGA

Rasyad,mawiyah,Arin,Quraisy(hal).jpg