(Cara Cepat dan Mudah
Belajar Tenses)
M. RASYAD
(Guru SDN Cenlecen 2,
Pakong, Pamekasan, Madura)
PENGGOLONGAN KATA KERJA
Untuk
mempermudah pemakaian kata-kata kerja yang bentuknya selalu berubah-ubah dalam bahasa Inggris maka perlu digolong-golongkan menurut sifat kata kerja itu, dari segi dapat
atau tidak dapatnya kata kerja itu dihubungkan langsung dengan not. Sehingga dengan cara ini dapat
memudahkan cara kita didalam membuat kalimat negatif, kalimat tanya,
taq question, dan lain-lainnya.
Penggolongan kata-kata kerja itu ada 3 (tiga) golongan, yaitu:
1. Kata kerja golongan 15 kawan not (dapat langsung diberi not):
am, is, are, was,
were, can-could, may-might, must, shall-should, will-would, dan ought to.
2. Kata kerja golongan
kawan do, does, did (memerlukan bantuan do, does, did):
Walk walks walked
go goes went
put puts put
dsb. banyak sekali.
Ingat: Kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) adalah kawan do, seperti walk, go, put, dll.
Kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) yang mendapat tambahan s/es adalah kawan does,
seperti walks, goes, puts, dll.
Kata kerja bentuk lampau (bentuk ke 2) adalah
kawan did, seperti walked, went,
dll.
3. Kata kerja golongan 9 kata kerja munafik (kadang seperti 15 kawan not dan kadang seperti kawan do, does, did):
do - does - did,
have - has - had, dan
need - dare - used
to.
A. MEMBUAT KALIMAT NEGATIF DAN KALIMAT TANYA
1.
Dengan kata kerja golongan 15 kawan not
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat 15 kawan not, maka untuk membuat:
- Kalimat
negatif: 15 kawan not + not di belakangnya
- Kalimat tanya: 15 kawan not diletakkan di
muka subyek
Contoh:
a. They ought to look after their children. (+)
a. They ought to look after their children. (+)
They
ought not to look after their
children.
(-)
Ought they to look after their children.(?)
b. You are naughty. (+)
You are not naughty. (-)
Are
you naughty.
(?)
2.
Dengan kata kerja kawan do, does, did
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat kata kerja kawan
do, does, did, maka untuk membuat:
- Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya: Kata kerja asal
(bentuk ke 1) menggunakan do.
- Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya: Kata kerja asal
yg + s/es menggunakan does.
- Kalimat negatif/Kal. tanya: Kata kerja
bentuk lampau (bentuk ke 2) menggunakan did.
Contoh:
a. We walk to school. (+)
a. We walk to school. (+)
We do not walk
to school.
(-)
Do we
walk to school. (?)
b.
She
goes to SDN
Cenlecen 2. (+)
She does
not go to SDN Cenlecen 2. (-)
Does
she go to SDN Cenlecen 2. (?)
c.
She
went
out. (+)
She did not go out. (-)
Did she
go out. (?)
3.
Dengan Kata Kerja Golongan 9 Kata Kerja Munafik
Kalau dalam kalimat terdapat 9 kata kerja munafik maka:
1) Untuk do, does, did
Kalau
diikuti langsung kata kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) adalah masuk kawan not,
maksudnya diperlakukan seperti 15 kawan not).
Contoh:
a. I do like sate. (+)
a. I do like sate. (+)
I
do not like sate. (-)
Do I like sate. (?)
b.
He
does like sate. (+)
He
does not like sate.
(-)
Does he like sate.
(?)
c. I did
see him yesterday.
(+)
I
did not see him yesterday. (-)
Did I see him yesterday. (?)
Kalau tidak diikuti langsung kata kerja asal
(bentuk ke 1) maka masuk kawan do, does, did, maksudnya diperlakukan
seperti kata kerja kawan do, does, did).
Contoh:
a. I do my home work. (+)
a. I do my home work. (+)
I
do not do my home work. (-)
Do I do my home work. (?)
b. Sitti does her home work.
(+)
Sitti
does not do her home work. (-)
Does Sitti do her home work. (?)
c. He did his work.
(+)
He
did not do his work. (-)
Did he do his work. (?)
2) Untuk have-has-had
Kalau diikuti langsung kata kerja bentuk ke 3
adalah masuk kawan not, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti 15 kawan not).
Contoh:
a. I have written some letters. (+)
a. I have written some letters. (+)
I
have not written any letters. (-)
Have I written any letters. (?)
b. She has already cut her hair. (+) (already atau just dianggap
tidak ada)
She
has not already cut her hair.
(-)
Has she already cut
her hair.
(?)
c. His grandparents had lived in that house since they bought it ten years ago (+)
His
grandparents hadnot lived in that
house since they bought it ten years ago(-)
Had his grandparents lived in that house since they bought it
ten years ago (?)
Kalau tidak diikuti langsung kata kerja bentuk ke 3 maka
masuk kawan do, does, did, maksudnya diperlakukan seperti kata kerja
kawan do, does, did).
Contoh:
a. We have to work hard. (+)
a. We have to work hard. (+)
We
do not have to work hard. (-)
Do we have to work hard. (?)
b. He has to work hard.
(+)
He does not have to work hard. (-)
Does he have to work hard. (?)
c. Sitti had her lunch in a restaurant. (+)
Sitti
did not have her lunch in a
restaurant.
(-)
Did Sitti have her lunch in a restaurant. (?)
B. MENJAWAB PERTANYAAN
1. Menjawab
Pertanyaan yang Tidak Memakai Question Word
Jawabnya
tinggal memilih: Yes, ….. atau No, ……
Contoh:
a. Will you go to Surabaya?
a. Will you go to Surabaya?
Yes, I will. / No, I will not.
b. Did
Tono get up early this morning?
Yes, he did. / No, he did not.
d.
May
I go home now?
Yes,
you may. / No, you may not.
Ingat: Pertanyaan I jawabnya you.
Pertanyaan
you jawabnya I atau we.
2. Menjawab
Pertanyaan yang Memakai Question Word
Kalau di muka subyek (di sebelah kiri subyek) terdapat do, does, did, maka jawabnya:
- Bila do kata
kerjanya tetap tidak berubah tetap bentuk ke 1.
- Bila does kata
kerjanya harus + s/es.
- Bila did kata
kerjanya harus bentuk ke 2.
Contoh:
a. When do you get up?
a. When do you get up?
I
get up at 5 o’clock.
b. Where does Tono study?
He
studies at home.
c. What did you make?
I
made some kites.
Kalau di muka subyek ada 15 kawan not dan have, has,
had, maka kata-kata tersebut harus diambil atau disertakan dalam jawaban.
Contoh:
Contoh:
a. What were
Tono and Susiatun writing?
They
were writing a letter.
b. Who are you talking to?
I am talking to Hasanah.(you arejawabnya I
am)
c. Where has
Nasihah broken the glass?
She
has broken it in the diningroom.
d. Who must
he meet?
He must meet Raspati.
e. When can
your father help me?
He can help you tomorrow.
Ada
kalanya kalau question wordnya What
atau Who jawabannya mengambil dari
luar pertanyaan.
Contoh:
Contoh:
a. What was in your wallet?
Money was.
b. What happend
to you?
My stomach was ache.
c. What
makes you angry?
The dog does.
d. Who talked to you this morning?
Amir did.
e. Who can
help me?
Ali can.
f. Who was the new student?
Halimah was.
g. Who is going to waitfor me ?
Didi is going to waitfor you/Didi
is.
C. MEMBUAT PERTANYAAN
1. Menentukan
Question Word (Kata Tanya) Dari Apa yg Ingin Ditanyakan
Kalau yang ingin ditanyakan itu
menyatakan:
a. orangmaka kata tanyanya adalah: Who
(siapa)
b. benda……………………….................. What
(apa)
c. tempat …………………………………. Where (dimana)
d. waktu
…………………………………… When (kapan)
e. jam …………………………………… What time (jam berapa)
f. lamanya ……………………………... How long (berapa lama)
g. umur ………………………………..... How old (umur berapa)
h. jumlah ………………………............. How many atau How much (berapa banyak)
i. cara/perihal
..................................... How
(bagaimana)
j. sebab ………………………………... Why (mengapa)
k. kepunyaan ………………………….. Whose (milik siapa)
l. pilihan ……………………………….. Which (yang mana)
m. kata kerja/predikat …………………. What…...do/doing (apa yang dikerjakan)
n. dsb.
Contoh:
1. Who must he meet? He must meet Adi.
2. What were you writing? I was writing a letter.
3. Where have Ali and Adi broken the glass? They have
broken it in the diningroom.
2. Membuat
Pertanyaan Terhadap Kata-Kata yang Bergaris Di Bawahnya
Cara membuat kalimat tanya ingat seperti di depan!
Contoh:
Contoh:
a. Ali and Amir are talking to their friend. (kata yang bergaris ini menyatakan orang: Who)
Who
are Ali and Amir talking to?
b. Ali bought some books at the shop.
What did Ali buy at the shop?
c. You must be careful on the way home.
Where must I be careful?
d. Kusno let his brother go away last year.
When did Kusno let his brother go away?
e. Sumiyati helps her mother at 7 o’clock every
day.
What time does Sumiyati help her mother
every day?
f. I have been in Pamekasan for five year.
How long have you been in Pamekasan?
Ingat: have-has-had adalah kata kerja munafik!
g. He has to work hard because he is poor.
Why does he have to work hard?
h. She has made her dress.
What has she made?
i. She has already cut her hair.
What has she already cut?
j. She has her hair cut by abarber.
Who does she have her hair cut by?
k. He did love you very much.
How did he love me?
Ingat: do-does-did adalah kata kerja munafik!
l. He did his work well.
How did he do his work?
D. TENSES
1. Macam-Macam Tenses
1.
Present tense/Simple present tense(p.t/s.p.t): Suatu
perbuatan yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.
2.
Present continuous tense
(p.c.t): Suatu perbuatan yang sedang
berlangsung pada saat bicara (sekarang).
3.
Past tense (pas.t): Suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan di masa
lampau dan tak ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang.
4.
Present future tense (p.f.t): Suatu perbuatan yang akan
dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.
5.
Present perfect tense (p.per.t): Pada waktu sekarang perbuatan
telah sempurna (baru saja selesai) dilakukan.
6.
Present perfect
continuous tense (p.per.c.t): Perbuatan
yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai sekarang.
7.
Past perfect tense (pas.per.t): Suatu perbuatan yang
dimulai atau terjadi di masa lampau dan terus berlangsung ataupun selesai
di masa lampau berikutnya.
8. Past
continuous tense (pas.c.t): Pada
waktu lampau suatu perbuatan sedang berlangsung ketika
suatu perbuatan lain terjadi.
9.
Dll.
1. Suatu perbuatan
yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan.
(Present tense/Simple present tense)
|
2.Suatu perbuatan
yang sedang berlangsung pada saat bicara (sekarang).
(Present continuous tense)
|
3. Suatu perbuatan
yang dilakukan di masa lampau dan tak ada hubungannya dengan
waktu sekarang.
(Past tense)
|
4. Suatu perbuatan
yang akan dilakukan di masa yang akan
datang
(Present future tense)
|
Rumus:
Kata
kerja asal atau kata kerja asal yang mendapat tambahan +s/es
|
Rumus:
(am;
is; are) + kata kerja asal + ing
|
Rumus:
Kata
kerja bentuk lampau (kata kerja bentuk ke 2)
|
Rumus:
(am;
is; are) + going to + kata kerja asal
|
Contoh:
a.
They drink milk.
b.He drinks
milk.
|
Contoh:
a.They
are drinking milk.
b.He is
drinking milk.
|
Contoh:
a.
They drank milk.
b.He drank
milk.
|
Contoh:
a.
They are going to drink milk.
b. He
is going to drink milk.
|
Keterangan
Pasangan subyek dengan to be:
I am They are He is Sitti is Father is
You are Ali and Adi
are She is Tono is a banana is
We
are Some books are It is (The cat is,
The river is, dll.(binatang, benda))
5. Pada waktu sekarang perbuatan telah sempurna (baru saja selesai)
dilakukan.
(Present perfect tense)
|
6. Perbuatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai
sekarang.
(Present perfect continuous tense)
|
7. Suatu perbuatan yang dimulai atau terjadi di masa lampau dan terus
berlangsung ataupun selesai di masa
lampau berikutnya.
(Past perfect tense)
|
8. Pada waktu lampau suatu perbuatan sedang berlangsung ketika suatu
perbuatan lain terjadi.
(Past continuous tense)
|
Rumus:
(have;
has) + kata kerja bentuk ke 3
|
Rumus:
(have;
has) + been + kata kerja asal + ing
|
Rumus:
had +
kata kerja bentuk ke 3
|
Rumus:
(was;
were) + kata kerja asal + ing
|
Contoh:
a.
They have worked hard.
b. He
has worked hard.
|
Contoh:
a.They
have been working hard
b. He
has been working hard.
|
Contoh:
a.They had
worked hard.
b. He had worked
hard.
|
Contoh:
a.
They were working hard, when I came.
b. He
was working hard, when I came
|
Keterangan:
am dan is bentuk
lampaunya was subyek I, he, she, dan it to be nya was have dipakai oleh
subyek I, you, we, dan they
are bentuk lampaunya
were subyek
you, we, dan they to be nya were has dipakai oleh
subyek he, she, dan it
had dipakai oleh semua subyek I,
you, we, they, he, she, dan it
Singkatan:
P =
present (waktu sekarang)
t =
tense (bentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan waktu)
c =
continuous (sedang berlangsung di waktu sekarang)
f =
future (yang akan datang)
per =
perfect (telah sempurna dilakukan)
pas = past (waktu lampau)
2.
Nama Tenses dengan
Keterangan Waktu dan Contoh Kalimatnya
Nama Tenses
|
Keterangan Waktu
|
Contoh
Kalimatnya
|
1.
Present tense/simple present tense (p.t/s.p.t)
|
every……………
usually
generally
often
seldom
always
|
Rumus: Kata kerja asal atau kata kerja asal yang
mendapat tambahans/es.
a. We drink a cup of coffee every day.
b. He drinks a cup of coffee every day.
c. Tini drinks a cup of coffee every day
|
2.
Present continuous tense (p.c.t)
|
now
at
present
this
moment
this
time
|
Rumus:
am/is/are + kt.kerja asal + ing
a.I am drinking a cup of coffee now.
b.
You are drinking a cup of coffee
now.
c.
She is drinking a cup of coffee
now.
|
3.Past
tense/simple past tense (pas.t/s.pas.t)
|
yesterday
thedaybefore
yesterday
last………….
|
Rumus: Kata kerja bentuk lampau
a.We drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
b. He drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
c. Ali drank a cup of coffee yesterday.
|
4.Present
future tense (p.f.t)
|
tomorrow
the day
after tomorrow
next………….
laten
some day
|
Rumus: am/is/are + going to + kt.kerja asal
a.We are going to drink a cup of coffee
tomorrow.
b. I am going to drink a cup of coffee
tomorrow.
c. He is going to drink a cup of coffee
tomorrow.
|
5.Present
perfect tense (p.per.t)
|
already
just
yet,
not………….
|
Rumus: have/has + kt.kerja bentuk ke 3
a. I have just drunk a cup of coffee.
b. He has already drunk a cup of coffee.
c. Aminah has just drunk a cup of coffee.
d. She has drunk a cup of coffee already.
|
6.Present
perfect continuous tense (p.per.c.t)
|
for……………….
since……………..
|
Rumus: have/has + been + kt.kerja asal + ing
a. They have been working hard for two hours.
b.He has been working hard since 2010.
|
7.Past
perfect tense (pas.per.t)
|
for
……………
since
…………..
always
|
Rumus: had + kt.kerja bentuk ke 3
a. We had lived in Cenlecen for two years
in 2011.
b.She had lived in that house since she
bought it ten years ago.
|
8.Past
continuous tense (pas.c.t)
|
When + subyek + kata kerja bentuk lampau.
|
Rumus: was/were + kt.kerja asal +
ing
a. I was studying when my
father came.
b.When we were studying,
someone knocked at the door.
|
E. CARA MEMAKAI TENSES SESUAI KETERANGAN WAKTU
Cara
Memakai Tenses
Cara memakai tenses
yang tepat atau cara memakai bentuk kata kerja yang tepat sesuai dengan keterangan waktu dan subyeknya dalam
kalimat, diperlukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut:
1. Pertama
diperiksa atau dicari keterangan waktunya (ingat kadang-kadang keterangan
waktunya tidak ada tetapi bisa dirasakan/dikira-kira).
2. Setelah diketahui
keterangan waktunya lalu
dicari kemungkinan bentuk
kata kerjanya.
3.
Kemudian ditentukan kepastian bentuk kata kerjanya yang tepat
dengan melihat subyeknya.
Contoh:
a. Adi (make) a kite in the school yard now.
(p.c.t)
- keterangan waktunya: now
- kemungkinan bentuk kata kerjanya sesuai
ket.waktunya: am / are / is making
- bentuk kata kerjanya yang tepat sesuai subyeknya: is
making
Jadi:
Adi is making a kite in the school
yard now.
b. The
policeman (stop) the car tomorrow morning. (p.f.t)
The
policeman is going to stop the car tomorrow morning.
c. Sitti
(see) her uncle yesterday. (pas.t)
Sitti
saw her uncle yesterday.
d. I
(eat) already. (p.per.t)
I
have eaten already.
e. I (write)
when he came. (pas.c.t)
I
was writing when he came.
f. Miss
Subaidah (teach) English for three years. (p.per.c.t)
Miss
Subaidah has been teaching English for three years.
g. I
(eat) everyday. (p.t/s.p.t)
I
eat everyday.
h. He (eat) everyday. (p.t/s.p.t)
He
eats everyday.
i. He has
(steal) the money. (p.per.t) ingat kata
kerja munafik!
He
has stolen the money.
F. KALIMAT PASIF (THE PASSIVE VOICE)
Baik dalam Bahasa
Inggris maupun dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang membedakan antara kalimat aktif dan
kalimat pasif ialah bentuk kata kerjanya,berikut
ini diuraikan tentang kalimat pasif dalam Bahasa
Inggris.
1. Kata Kerja Pasif
Kata kerja pasif dalam Bahasa
Inggris berbentuk: to be + kata kerja
bentuk ke 3 (past participle).Perlu diingat bahwa yang berubah-ubah sesuai
dengan keterangan waktu dan subyeknya, ialah: to be nya, sedangkan kata kerja
bentuk ke 3 nya tetap tidak berubah.
Jadi
untuk dapat membuat kalimat pasif kita harus sungguh-sungguh paham 2 hal,
yaitu:
a. Kata
kerja dasar pasif (to be + kata kerja bentuk ke 3), misalnya:
to bedrunk = diminum
to
be left = ditinggalkan
to
be played = dimainkan
to
be understood = dimengerti
to
be studied = dipelajari
to
be stolen = dicuri
to
be carried = dibawa
to
be driven = dikemudikan
to
be ridden = dikendarai
to
be stopped = dihentikan
Dan
lain-lainnya.
b. Perubahan: to
be nya,
yaitu:
kata asal
|
kata everyday
|
bentuk lampau/ yesterday
|
bentuk ke 3
|
bentuk ing
|
|||
   to be |
  am
is
 are |
 was
were
|
 been |
being
|
Bentuk to be disesuaikan dengan macam tensesnya, seperti:
• Present tense (p.t) : am/is/are
• Present continuous tense (p.c.t) :
am/is/are + being
• Past tense(pas.t) : was/were
•
Present
future tense (p.f.t) : am/is/are
+ going to + be
•
Present
perfect tense (p.per.t) :
have/has +been
•
Present
perfect continuous tense (p.per.c.t):
have/has + been + being
•
Past
perfect tense (pas.per.t) : had + been
•
Past
continuous tense (pas.c.t) :
was/were + being
• Dan lain-lainnya.
2. Membuat Kalimat
Pasif
Dari penjelasan di atas
nyata, bahwa untuk membuat kalimat pasif kita harus melalui langkah-langkah
berikut ini:
1) Pertama-tama cari kata dasar pasifnya:
be + kata kerja bentuk
ke 3..
2) Setelah itu be nya beri bentuk tepat dengan cara:
a. Mula-mula disesuaikan dengan keterangan
waktunya, dan
b. Kemudian pilih yang sesuai dengan subyeknya.
Misalnya:
1) My
bike (ride) by my brother yesterday. (pas.t/s.pas.t)
- kata dasar
pasifnya: be ridden.
-
be nya disesuaikan dg keterangan waktunya: was /
were ridden.
-
be nya dipilih sesuai subyeknya: was
ridden
Jadi
hasilnya: My bike was ridden by my
brother yesterday.
2) Those books (sell) now. (p.c.t)
(be
sold)
(am
/ are / is / being sold)Ingat: Cara memakai tenses (present continuous
tense)
are being sold
Those books are being sold now.
3) Those
books (sell) since last week.(p.per.c.t)
(be
sold)
(have
/ has been being sold) Ingat: Cara memakai tenses (p. per. c. t)
have
been being sold
Those books have been being sold since last week.
4) His hair (cut) next month. (p.f.t)
(be
cut)
(am / are / is going to be cut)
His
hair is going to be cut next month.
5) That
book (sell) already. (p.per.t)
(be
sold)
(have / has been sold)
That book has been sold already.
Note:Kalau di muka kata kerja yang akan
dipasifkan itu terdapat 10 kawan not(can-could,
may-might, must, shall-should, will-would,
dan ought to) atau to kita tidak usah repot-repot lagi, sebab be nya tidak berubah (tetap be).
Misalnya:
1) This basket can (carry) by a little child.
This basket can be carried by a little child. (setelah can ada be)
2) He does not like to (beat) by his friend.
He does not like to be beaten by his friend. (setelah to ada be)
3. Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi
Kalimat Pasif
Kalimat aktif (A) apabila diubah dalam bentuk pasif (P) perubahannya
adalah:
- Subyek (S) dalam bentuk aktif menjadi obyek (O) dalam bentuk
pasif,
- Obyek dalam bentuk aktif berubah subyek dalam bentuk pasif.
Ciri-ciri kalimat pasif: To be + kata kerja
bentuk ke 3 (past participle).
Perhatikan perubahan
subyek menjadi obyek atau sebaliknya di bawah ini!
Subyek –
Obyek
I - me
you - you
he - him
she - her
it - it
we - us
they - them
father - father
Sitti - Sitti
Contoh:
1) A: Rita
writes a letter.(p.t. ada kata kerja asal yg dapat tambahan s, yaitu writes)
S O
P: A
letter is written by Rita.
S O
Ingat: Bentuk to be harus sesuai dengan macam tensesnya
(lihat kembali halaman 14)
2) A: I
make a kite. (p.t. ada kata kerja asal, yaitu make)
P: A
kite is made by me.
3) A: A
boy writes some letters. (p.t)
P: Some
letters are written by the boy.
4) A: Does he
make a kite ? (p.t)
P: Is a
kite made by him ?
5) A: Does Rita eat a banana ? (p.t)
P: Is a banana eaten by Rita ?
6) A: I give Rita a book. (p.t)
P: A book is given to Rita by me.
Rita
is given a book by me.
7) A: + Mari calls him in the room. (p.t)
- Mari doesn’t call him in the room. (p.t)
? Does Mari call him in the room ? (p.t)
P: + He is called by Mari in the room.
- He isn’t called by Mari in the room.
? Is he called by Mari in the room ?
8) A: She opened the window. (pas.t. ada kata kerja bentuk lampau, yaitu opened)
P: The window was opened by her.
9) A: Johan is calling me. (p.c.t. ada to be dan kata kerja asal + ing)
P: I am being called by Johan.
10) A: Mother is giving me some money. (p.c.t)
P: Some money is being given to me by mother.
11) A: Are you helping mother. (p.c.t)
P: Is mother being helped by you ?
12) A: I was helping my mother.(pas.c.t. ada to be
bentuk lampau dan kata kerja asal+ ing)
P: My mother was being helped by me.
13) A: I have finished the work. (p.per.t. ada have dan kata kerja bentuk ke 3)
P: The work has been finished by me.
14) A: I had called him. (pas.per.t. ada had dan kata kerja bentuk ke 3)
P: He had been called by me.
15) Setelah 10 kawan not dan to dalam kalimat
aktif harus diikuti langsung oleh kata
kerja asal seperti do, sell, write, work, dll. tetapi bila kalimatnya nanti akan
diubah menjadi kalimat pasif makaharus diikuti langsung
oleh kata asal to be.
A: I cando
it easily. (can diikuti do). P: It
can bedone easily. (can diikuti be)
A: They wouldsell
them. P: They would besold.
A: I have to
do it. (to diikuti do) P:
It has to be done. (to diikuti be)
16) Perhatikan kata setelah have, has, dan had !
A: They
have paid for it. P: It has been paid for.
A: She had
not done it. P: It had not been done.
17) A: Did
not he buy me new books ? (pas.t. ada did)
P: Wasnot I bought new books ?
Were
not new books bought me ?
18) A: Did
not he buy new books for me? (pas.t)
P: Were not new books bought for me?
G. MENGUBAH KALIMAT PASIF MENJADI KALIMAT AKTIF
Cara mengubah kalimat
pasif (P) menjadi kalimat aktif (A) adalah kebalikannya (lihat kembali materi
di depan)
Contoh:
1. P: The bookis
bought by Amir.
S O
A: Amir buys
the book.
S
O
2. P: The
windowis being broken by him.
A: Heis
breaking the window.
Bentuk Singkatan Positif dan Negatif
Note:
Kadang-kadang kita
mengalami kesukaran untuk mencari golongan 15 kawan not karena sering terdapat
dalam bentuk singkatan positif dan singkatan negatif.
Perhatikan kedua bentuk singkatan tersebut berikut ini !
a. Bentuk
singkatan positif,
yaitu:
‘m = am ‘d =
should atau would
‘s = is ‘ve
=
have
‘re = are ‘s =
has
‘ll = shall atau will ‘d
= had
Bentuk
singkatan positif
ini hanya terdapat di tengah kalimat, tidak boleh terdapat pada awal ataupun
pada akhir kalimat. Karena itu kalau akan mengubah bentuk singkatan positif
menjadi pertanyaan ataupun jawaban harus diubah menjadi bentuk lengkap.
Misalnya:
• They ‘ll come tomorrow. (+)
Will they come
tomorrow (?)
Yes,
they will.
b. Bentuk singkatan negatif, yaitu:
’m not =
am not mustn’t = must not
isn’t = is not shan’t = shall not
aren’t = are not shouldn’t = should not
wasn’t = was not won’t = will not
weren’t = were not wouldn’t = would not
can’t = can not oughtn’t to = ought not to
couldn’t = could not haven’t = have not
mayn’t = may not hasn’t = has not
mightn’t = might not hadn’t = had not
Bentuk singkatan negatif
ini boleh terdapat disegala tempat kecuali ‘m
not tidak boleh terdapat pada awal kalimat.
Misalnya:
• He
isn’t a teacher. (-)
Isn’t
he a teacher. (?)
No,
he isn’t.
• I
‘m not hungry. (-)
Am not I hungry. (?)Bukan ‘m not I
hungry. (?)
No,
I ‘m not.
Daftar Kata Kerja Pada
Materi
No.
|
Kata Kerja Asal
(Bentuk Ke 1)
Kawan do
|
Kata Kerja
BentukLampau (BentukKe2)
Kawan did
|
Kata Kerja Bentuk Ke 3
|
Arti Kata
|
A
|
ask
|
asked
|
asked
|
bertanya, menanyakan
|
B
|
be (am, is, are)
|
was, were
|
been
|
akan, ada
|
buy
|
bought
|
bought
|
membeli
|
|
break
|
broke
|
broken
|
mematahkan, memecahkan
|
|
begin
|
began
|
begun
|
mulai, memulai
|
|
bring
|
brought
|
brought
|
membawa
|
|
beat
|
beat
|
beaten
|
memukul
|
|
C
|
cut
|
cut
|
cut
|
memotong
|
cook
|
cooked
|
cooked
|
memasak
|
|
come
|
came
|
come
|
datang
|
|
close
|
closed
|
closed
|
menutup
|
|
catch
|
caught
|
caught
|
menangkap
|
|
clean
|
cleaned
|
cleaned
|
membersihkan
|
|
call
|
called
|
called
|
memanggil
|
|
carry
|
carried
|
carried
|
membawa
|
|
cry
|
cried
|
cried
|
menangis, berteriak
|
|
climb
|
climbed
|
climbed
|
memanjat
|
|
D
|
do
|
did
|
done
|
mengerjakan
|
drink
|
drank
|
drunk
|
minum
|
|
drive
|
drove
|
driven
|
mengemudikan, mengendarai
|
|
E
|
eat
|
ate
|
eaten
|
makan
|
F
|
fly
|
flew
|
flown
|
terbang
|
finish
|
finished
|
finished
|
menyelesaikan, mengakhiri berhenti
|
|
forget
|
forgot
|
forgotten
|
lupa, melupakan
|
|
G
|
go
|
went
|
gone
|
pergi
|
get up
|
got up
|
gotten up
|
berdirilah, bangun !
|
|
get
|
got
|
gotten
|
dapat, memperoleh
|
|
give
|
gave
|
given
|
memberi
|
|
H
|
have
|
had
|
had
|
mempunyai
|
help
|
helped
|
helped
|
membantu
|
|
hurry
|
hurried
|
hurried
|
pergi tergesa-gesa, pergi dengan cepat
|
|
K
|
know
|
knew
|
known
|
mengetahui
|
L
|
like
|
liked
|
liked
|
suka
|
look
|
looked
|
looked
|
melihat
|
|
love
|
loved
|
loved
|
cinta
|
|
let
|
let
|
let
|
membiarkan
|
|
listen
|
listened
|
listened
|
mendengarkan
|
|
live
|
lived
|
lived
|
tinggal
|
|
lie
|
lay
|
lain
|
berbaring, terletak
|
|
leave
|
left
|
left
|
meninggalkan
|
|
M
|
make
|
made
|
made
|
membuat
|
meet
|
met
|
met
|
bertemu
|
|
O
|
order
|
ordered
|
ordered
|
kelas, derajat, jenis, memerintahkan, memesan, mengatur
|
open
|
opened
|
opened
|
membuka
|
|
P
|
put
|
put
|
put
|
meletakkan
|
play
|
played
|
played
|
bermain
|
|
pay
|
paid
|
paid
|
membayar
|
|
R
|
read
|
read
|
read
|
membaca
|
repair
|
repaired
|
repaired
|
memperbaiki
|
|
ride
|
rode
|
ridden
|
mengendarai, menunggang
|
|
run
|
ran
|
run
|
lari, berlari
|
|
S
|
speak
|
spoke
|
spoken
|
berbicara
|
see
|
saw
|
seen
|
melihat
|
|
study
|
studied
|
studied
|
belajar
|
|
swim
|
swam
|
swum
|
berenang
|
|
sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
menyanyi
|
|
sell
|
sold
|
sold
|
menjual
|
|
stand
|
stood
|
stood
|
berdiri
|
|
stop
|
stopped
|
stopped
|
berhenti, menghentikan
|
|
steal
|
stole
|
stolen
|
mencuri
|
|
spend
|
spent
|
spent
|
membelanjakan
|
|
shoot
|
shot
|
shot
|
menembak
|
|
shut
|
shut
|
shut
|
menutup, mengunci
|
|
speak up
|
spoke up
|
spoken up
|
berteriak
|
|
T
|
talk
|
talked
|
talked
|
berbicara
|
teach
|
taught
|
taught
|
mengajar
|
|
take
|
took
|
taken
|
mengambil
|
|
tell
|
told
|
told
|
berceritera, menceritakan
|
|
U
|
understand
|
understood
|
understood
|
mengerti
|
V
|
visit
|
visited
|
visited
|
mengunjungi, berkunjung
|
W
|
work
|
worked
|
worked
|
bekerja
|
walk
|
walked
|
walked
|
berjalan
|
|
write
|
wrote
|
written
|
menulis
|
|
wait
|
waited
|
waited
|
menunggu
|
|
want
|
wanted
|
wanted
|
ingin
|
|
wear
|
wore
|
worn
|
memakai
|
|
wash
|
washed
|
washed
|
mencuci
|
|
worry
|
worried
|
worried
|
mencemaskan
|
Daftar Irregular
Verbs (Bagian 1)
(Kata Kerja Tak
Beraturan 93 Kata)
No.
|
KataKerja Asal
(Bent. Ke 1)
|
Kata Kerja Bentuk Lampau
(Bent. Ke 2)
|
KataKerja Bentuk Ke 3
|
Arti
|
1.
|
go
see
do
show
|
went
saw
did
showed
|
gone
seen
done
shown
|
pergi
melihat
mengerjakan, berbuat
mempertunjukkan
|
2a.
b.
|
begin
swim
sing
ring
drink
|
began
swam
sang
rang
drank
|
begun
swum
sung
rung
drunk
|
mulai
berenang
menyanyi
berbunyi,membunyikanbel
minum
|
3a.
b.
c.
|
wear
tear
know
throw
blow
grow
fly
draw
lie
|
wore
tore
knew
threw
blew
grew
flew
drew
lay
|
worn
torn
known
thrown
blown
grown
flown
drawn
lain
|
memakai
menyobek
mengetahui
melemparkan
bertiup, meniup
tumbuh
terbang
menggambar, menarik
berbaring
|
4a.
b.
c.
|
eat
fall
forget
write
drive
ride
rise
give
forgive
|
ate
fell
forgot
wrote
drove
rode
rose
gave
forgave
|
eaten
fallen
forgotten
written
driven
ridden
risen
given
forgiven
|
makan
jatuh
lupa
menulis
mengemudikan
mengendarai, berlayar
bangun
memberi
memaafkan
|
5a.
b.
c.
|
wake
break
speak
steal
freeze
weave
hide
bite
slide
|
woke
broke
spoke
stole
froze
wove
hid
bit
slid
|
woken
broken
spoken
stolen
frozen
woven
hidden
bitten
slidden
|
bangun, berjaga
mematahkan
berbicara
mencuri
membeku
menenun
bersembunyi
menggigit
meluncur
|
6.
|
come
become
run
|
came
became
ran
|
come
become
run
|
datang
menjadi
lari
|
7.
|
put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
|
Put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
|
put
cost
let
cut
hit
hurt
spread
set
fit
|
meletakkan
berharga/berongkos
membiarkan
memotong
memukul
melukai
memencarkan
menempatkan , menaruh
mencocokkan dengan
|
8a.
b.
c.
|
have
lose
hear
find
grind
sit
stand
get
shoot
|
had
lost
heard
found
ground
sat
stood
got
shot
|
had
lost
heard
found
ground
sat
stood
got
shot
|
mempunyai
menghilangkan, hilang
mendengarkan
mendapat
menggiling, mengasah
duduk
berdiri
mendapat
menembak
|
9a.
b.
|
bring
buy
think
fight
teach
catch
|
brought
bought
thought
fought
taught
caught
|
brought
bought
thought
fought
taught
caught
|
membawa
membeli
memikirkan
berperang
mengajar
menangkap
|
10a.
b.
|
make
say
pay
lay
hold
build
|
made
said
paid
laid
held
built
|
made
said
paid
laid
held
built
|
membuat
berkata, mengatakan
membayar
meletakkan
memegang
mendirikan
|
11a.
b.
c.
|
meet
read
lead
feed
feel
leave
mean
keep
sleep
sweep
weep
|
met
read
led
fed
felt
left
meant
kept
slept
swept
wept
|
met
read
led
fed
felt
left
meant
kept
slept
swept
wept
|
menjumpai
membaca
memimpin
memberi makan,menggembala
merasa
meninggalkan
memaksudkan, mengartikan
memelihara
tidur
menyapu
menangis
|
12.
|
sell
tell
|
sold
told
|
sold
told
|
menjual
menceriterakan
|
13.
|
send
spend
lend
bend
|
sent
spent
lent
bent
|
sent
spent
lent
bent
|
mengirimkan
membelanjakan
meminjamkan
membengkokkan
|
14a.
b.
|
win
dig
strike
shine
|
won
dug
struck
shone
|
won
dug
struck
shone
|
menang
menggali
memukul
bersinar, cahaya
|
15.
|
play
work
want
|
played
worked
wanted
|
played
worked
wanted
|
bermain-main
bekerja
ingin
|
FOTO M. RASYAD DAN
KELUARGA
 |
